Abstract Background: Bone defects may occur because of severe trauma, nonunion, infection, or tumor resection. However, treatments for bone defects are often difficult and have not been fully established yet. We

Abstract Background: We previously demonstrated that topical cutaneous application of CO2, by means of a hydrogel in which the CO2 readily dissolves, increases blood flow and oxygen dissociation from hemoglobin in

Abstract [Purpose] We reported that carbon dioxide (CO2) water bathing accelerates skeletal muscle regeneration; however, the underlying mechanism was unclear. MyoD and myogenin play roles in muscle regeneration, and the

Abstract Background: Joint contractures are a major complication in patients with spinal cord injuries. Positioning, stretching, and physical therapy are advocated to prevent and treat contractures; however, many patients still develop

Abstract Purpose: Skeletal muscle injuries are commonly observed in sports and traumatology medicine. Previously, we demonstrated that transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide (CO2) to lower limbs increased the number of muscle

Abstract In Europe, carbon dioxide therapy has been used for cardiac disease and skin problems for a long time. However there have been few reports investigating the effects of carbon