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Why More NAD+ May Not Fix Your Energy Problem

Why More NAD+ May Not Be the Real Solution to Low Energy Right now, a huge number of people are focused on boosting NAD+. They are taking NMN, NR, IV therapies, and other supplements designed to raise cellular energy production. The idea sounds logical. NAD+ is one of the most important molecules involved in mitochondrial function and ATP production. Without enough NAD+, the body struggles to generate energy efficiently. But there is a deeper question most people are not asking: Why did NAD+ become depleted in the first place? For many people, low NAD+ may not be the root problem at all. It may simply be a sign that the entire energy system inside the cell is under stress. The Real Problem May Be Cellular Congestion Most discussions around energy focus on supply. More NAD+. More oxygen. More nutrients. More stimulation. But energy production inside the body is not just about having enough ingredients. It is about whether the system can actually move energy properly. A helpful way to think about this is traffic. Adding more NAD+ to a congested mitochondrial system is like adding more cars onto a highway that is already jammed. If the road itself is blocked, adding more vehicles does not restore movement. It increases the pressure on the system. Inside the mitochondria, electrons must flow smoothly through the electron transport chain in order to generate ATP efficiently. When this system slows down or becomes congested: NADH begins to accumulate NAD+ recycling becomes impaired Proton gradients become unstable Oxidative stress rises ATP production becomes less efficient In this state, simply increasing NAD+ may only create temporary effects because the underlying environment is still dysfunctional. Why NAD+ Recycling Matters More Than NAD+ Supply The body is designed to continuously recycle NAD+. Under healthy conditions, NADH donates electrons into the electron transport chain and is converted back into NAD+. This cycling process is essential for sustained energy production. But when the electron transport chain becomes backed up, the recycling process slows down. The issue is no longer just a shortage of NAD+. The issue becomes impaired flow. This is why some people continue to feel fatigued, foggy, or metabolically sluggish despite taking large amounts of NAD+ precursors. Their mitochondria may still be operating under stress conditions that prevent efficient energy transfer. Where Carbon Dioxide Enters the Picture This is where carbon dioxide becomes incredibly important. CO2 is often misunderstood as merely a waste gas, but physiologically it plays a major role in stabilizing the environment where energy production occurs. Carbon dioxide helps: Maintain healthy proton gradients Support oxygen delivery into tissues Reduce excessive oxidative stress Stabilize mitochondrial function Support smooth electron flow When carbon dioxide levels are chronically low due to stress, overbreathing, poor circulation, or metabolic dysfunction, the energetic environment inside the cell becomes less stable. The result can be increased oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial efficiency, and disruption of the very gradients that ATP production depends on. Instead of forcing the system with more inputs, the body may first need restoration of proper flow and structure. Energy Is About Flow, Not Just Fuel Modern health conversations often focus entirely on adding more substances into the body. But biology depends just as much on organization as it does on supply. You can have oxygen available. You can have nutrients available. You can even have elevated NAD+ levels. But if the system itself is congested, unstable, or under oxidative stress, energy production still suffers. Real metabolic health depends on restoring the conditions that allow energy to move efficiently through the system. That includes circulation. It includes mitochondrial stability. And it includes carbon dioxide. When those foundations improve, the body becomes far more capable of recycling NAD+ naturally and sustaining energy production on its own. Conclusion NAD+ is undeniably important for human energy production. But low NAD+ may often be a downstream effect of a much larger problem involving mitochondrial congestion, unstable gradients, and impaired cellular flow. Rather than focusing only on increasing NAD+ supply, it may be more important to restore the environment that allows the mitochondria to function properly in the first place. Because energy is not just about fuel. It is about flow. Learn more at THECARBONATEDBODY.COM

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Effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in healthy women: a pilot study

Carbon dioxide therapy, better known as carboxytherapy, relates to percutaneous infusion of medical carbon dioxide with therapeutic approaches, and its use in the treatment of localized fat has demonstrated good results. Gynoid lipodystrophy, also known as cellulite, affects 80%–90% of women after puberty, especially in the buttocks and thighs. Its etiology is complex and involves multifactorial aspects. Its treatment and evaluation require the use of new technologies (more effective and low-cost approaches). The objective was to investigate the effectiveness of carboxytherapy in the treatment of cellulite in the areas of buttocks and posterior thigh. Patients and methods: Ten women, 29±6.1 years, were selected and all of them received eight treatment sessions, with an interval of 7 days between sessions. Standardized digital photographs were used to assess the severity of cellulite, and panoramic images were collected by ultrasound diagnosis. The evaluations were performed before the first treatment (baseline) and 7 days after the last treatment session of carboxytherapy. Results: After the treatment, there was a significant reduction (P=0.0025) of the cellulite from degree III to degree II, and this improvement had correlation with the improvement in the organization of the fibrous lines and the disposal of adipose tissue lines of the treated regions observed through the panoramic ultrasound images diagnosis. Conclusion: Carbon Dioxide therapy is an effective technique of treatment of cellulite in the buttocks region and posterior thighs of healthy women. Keywords: carbon dioxide, cellulite, localized fat, gynoid lipodystrophy, skin, panoramic ultrasound Introduction Cellulite refers to a change that gives the skin a wavy and irregular appearance, and it affects 80%–90% of women after puberty. Numerous treatments have been proposed such as balanced diet, physical activity, massage, topical products, radiofrequency, therapeutic ultrasound, and light emitting diode therapy, among others.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) therapy, commonly known as carboxytherapy, refers to the administration of CO2 with therapeutic proposals. The technique originated in France in 1932, and originally the treatment was carried out percutaneously (through the skin) by the so-called heated carbonated water baths or the application of water-saturated CO2 directly to the skin of patients. The technique was used for arteriopathy and ulcer treatments. The results encouraged further studies, leading to the expansion of indications of new treatments. After the development of new technologies, the application was no longer topical and involved passing the CO2 to be infused directly into the subcutaneous tissue, ensuring faster and better results. Sequential studies described the effectiveness of the carboxytherapy treatment of localized adiposities; demonstrated measurable reductions in circumference regions of the abdomen, thigh, and/or knee; and showed histological evidence of the effect of gas leakage, showing its possible lipolytic effects Ferreira et al5 described the increase in collagen remodeling induced by intradermal injections of CO2. In another study, Abramo et al6 showed that after the controlled infusion of CO2, vasodilation of the microcirculation skin was observed, accompanied by an increase of peripheral blood flow and an increase in skin temperature at the injection site (on average 3.48°C). Cellulite affects, especially, the buttocks and thighs; its etiology is multifactorial and involves complex issues, and its treatment and evaluation require the use of new methodologies. The lipolysis caused by carboxytherapy seems to be caused by temperature increase and local blood flow and have been demonstrated in previous studies; however, clinical studies are still required, with good analysis techniques that prioritize their effects on cellulite. This study aimed to verify the effectiveness of controlled infusion of CO2 in the treatment of cellulite in gluteal and posterior thigh bilaterally. Materials and methods This study began with a sample of 12 candidates and finished with ten of them with an average age of 29±6.1 years and body mass index (BMI) of 25.5±3.3 kg/m2. Inclusion criteria were healthy women, aged 20–35 years, BMI <29.9 kg/m2, with regular menstrual cycle, and presence of cellulite of gluteal and posterior thigh bilaterally as classified in degrees of severity II and III as in the current classification of cellulite2. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee: União das Instituições de Serviço, Ensino e Pesquisa –  and all subjects signed informed consent forms. The treatment was performed in the Clinical Laboratory of the Center for Education and Advanced Training CEFAI (Amparo, SP, Brazil). Volunteers were excluded if they were in aesthetic treatment; had had some kind of treatment in the gluteal region and thighs for a period leading up to 6 months before the start of this study; if they were pregnant or had had a recent pregnancy (<6 months); if they had cardiovascular problems, metabolic disorders, respiratory disorders, immunosuppression, kidney and liver failure, and skin lesions at the treatment site; or if they had diabetes mellitus. In assessing weight and height, the volunteers wore only underwear without shoes. A classical mechanical stadiometer (model 110 CH; Welmy, SP, Brazil) was used. The BMI was evaluated by applying the formula BMI = weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters (kg/m2).Body fat percentage of each volunteer was measured with Biodynamics (Model 310E; TBW, SP, Brazil). All volunteers received directions about the treatment steps and procedures to be performed. The treatment protocol consisted of eight sessions with an interval of 7 days. The evaluations were performed before the first treatment (baseline) and 7 days after the last treatment session. The total time between the baseline and the posttreatment reevaluation was ~2.5 months. After analysis of the area, ten points were selected for the infusion of CO2 (four in the gluteal area and six in the posterior thigh) as shown in Figure 1A. The treated areas were inspected and constantly monitored during all sessions. With a proper pen, points equidistant from each other were marked, 12 cm apart from each other, in places where the infiltration of CO2 was held. The antisepsis was performed with alcoholic chlorhexidine at 0.5%. At each selected points, 80 mL of gas with a flow rate of 80 mL/min was infused. The needle was positioned at 45° (inferior angle), and a subcutaneous puncture was made with a depth of ~10 mm (Figure 1B). Figure 1 (A) Points of CO2 infusion; (B) position and

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[Carbon dioxide inhibits the generation of active forms of oxygen in human and animal cells and the significance of the phenomenon in biology and medicine]

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) influence in generation of active oxygen forms (AOF) in human mononuclear cells (blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages) and animal cells (tissue phagocytes, parenchymal and interstitial cells of liver, kidney, lung, brain, and stomach) was investigated. The AOF generation was examined by the methods of chemiluminescence (CL) using luminol, lucigenin, and NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium) reaction. It was established that CO2 in concentrations similar to those in the blood (5.1%, pCO2 37.5 mmHg) and at high concentrations (8.2%, pCO2 60 mmHg; 20%, pCO2 146 mmHg) showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on the AOF generation in all the studied cells (usually reducing it 2 to 4 times). Those results were obtained not only after the direct contact of isolated cells with CO2 but also after the whole body’s exposure to CO2. Besides, it was established that the venous blood gas mixture (CO2 – 45 mmHg, +O2 – 39 mmHg, + N2 – 646 mmHg) inhibited the AOF generation in cited cells more than the arterial blood gas mixture (CO2 – 40 mmHg, + O2 – 95 mmHg, + N2 – 595 mmHg). The carbon dioxide action mechanism was developed partially through the inhibition of the OAF generation in mitochondria and through the deceleration of NADPH oxidative activity. Finally, it was established that CO2 led to better coordination of oxidation and phosphorylation and increased the phosphorylation velocity in liver mitochondria. The results clearly confirmed the general property of CO2 to inhibit significantly the AOF generation in all the cell types. This favors the new explanation of the well-known evolutionary paradox: the Earth life and organism’s preservation when the oxygen, which shows toxic effects on the cells through the AOF, occurs in the atmosphere. The results can also be used to explain in a new way the vasodilating effect of CO2 and the favorable hypercapnotherapy influence on the course of some bronchial asthma forms. The results are probably significant for the analysis of important bio-ecological problem, such as the increase of CO2 concentration in the atmosphere and its effect on the humans and animals.

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Protective role of carbon dioxide (CO2) in generation of reactive oxygen species

Abstract The results testify to the fact that CO2 is a powerful inhibitor of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by cells (blood phagocytes and alveolar macrophages of 96 people and cells of inner organs and tissue phagocytes (of the liver, brain, myocardium, lungs, kidneys, stomach, and skeleton muscles), as well as by mitochondria of the liver of 186 white mice and human tissues. These findings highlight the growing interest in controlled carbon dioxide therapy for supporting cellular function, circulation, and oxygen utilization. The Carbogenetics CO2inhaler is designed to deliver CO2-enriched breathing sessions that may help support oxygen delivery through the Bohr effect while promoting respiratory efficiency and overall wellness. Generation of ROS was determined using various methods with CO2 directly acting on the cells and biopsies and indirectly on the organism as a whole. CO2 in the concentration of 5.1 % (P = 37.5 mmHg), 8.2 % (P = 60.0 mmHg), and 20 % (P = 146.0 mmHg) in a mixture with air (total pressure = 730 mmHg) inhibits the basal ROS generation by phagocytes on the average by 3.52, 5.69, and 10.03 times, respectively (p < 0.05), and the stimulated by corpuscular particles: (a) zymosan by 3.24, 4.43, and 7.95 times; (b)SiO2: by 2.99, 3.24, and 5.76 times (p < 0.05). This is confirmed by the fact that CO2, along with inhibiting the O2 − generation by cells of the various organs, including the liver, as a rule, by 2.19–4.7 times, p < 0.01 or <0.001 induces simultaneously a decrease in the O2 − generation by mitochondria isolated from the liver (by 1.91–3.2 times, p < 0.001). The mechanism of CO2 influence is realized, in part, by inhibition of NADPH-oxidase activity. Taking into consideration the proven role of CO2 in different pathophysiological conditions, (such as endoarteritis, bronchial asthma, and infectious diseases), present findings may be of clinical interest in terms of potential implementation of CO2 donors as adjuvant therapeutics in these diseases.

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A novel system for transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide causing an “artificial Bohr effect” in the human body

Abstract Background: Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) therapy refers to the transcutaneous administration of CO(2) for therapeutic purposes. This effect has been explained by an increase in the pressure of O(2) in tissues known as the Bohr effect. However, there have been no reports investigating the oxygen dissociation of hemoglobin (Hb) during the transcutaneous application of CO(2)in vivo. In this study, we investigate whether the Bohr effect is caused by the transcutaneous application of CO2 in the human living body. Methods: We used a novel system for the transcutaneous application of CO(2) using pure CO(2) gas, hydrogel, and a plastic adaptor. 5 reasons a man’s private organ may become small include hormonal imbalances, inadequate blood flow, psychological stressors, and aging. Delve deeper into these factors and potential solutions by visiting http://newenglandorthoandspine.com The validity of the CO(2) hydrogel was confirmed in vitro using a measuring device for transcutaneous CO(2) absorption using rat skin. Next, we measured the pH change in the human triceps surae muscle during the transcutaneous application of CO(2) using phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) in vivo. In addition, oxy- and deoxy-Hb concentrations were measured with near-infrared spectroscopy in the human arm with occulted blood flow to investigate O2 dissociation from Hb caused by transcutaneous application of CO(2). Results: The rat skin experiment showed that CO(2) hydrogel enhanced CO(2) gas permeation through the rat skin. The intracellular pH of the triceps surae muscle decreased significantly 10 min. after transcutaneous application of CO(2). The NIRS data show the oxy-Hb concentration decreased significantly 4 min. after CO(2) application and deoxy-Hb concentration increased significantly 2 min. after CO(2) application in the CO(2)-applied group compared to the control group. Oxy-Hb concentration significantly decreased while deoxy-Hb concentration significantly increased after transcutaneous CO(2) application. Conclusions: Our novel transcutaneous CO(2) application facilitated an O(2) dissociation from Hb in the human body, thus providing evidence of the Bohr effect in vivo.

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A Prospective Clinical and Instrumental Study on the Effects of a Transcutaneous Cosmeceutical Gel that is Claimed to Produce COâ‚‚

Abstract Carboxytherapy is the therapeutic use of carbon dioxide (CO2) in its gaseous state. Since 1933, carboxytherapy has referred to either the subcutaneous injection of CO2 or percutaneous application in a warm bath. The present clinical study was performed to determine if there were any changes in the dermis after the application of a transcutaneous gel, which is claimed to produce CO2, and, if so, how these changes compared to those with CO2 injection. Ten patients received transcutaneous treatment with the gel on one side of the face and the other side without any product was used as a control. We used videocapillaroscopy with an optic probe (VCSO) to evaluate the changes in the microcirculation of the skin. VCSO was performed for the treated right and untreated left ear lobes in each patient. VCSO was performed before treatment was started (VCSO1) and after 7 days of treatment (VCSO2). A comparison of VCSO1 to VCSO2 showed an increase in the microcirculation, an increase in vertical and horizontal capillaries, and a reduction in the area of ischemia. These results are similar to those observed in other studies with CO2 injection. In conclusion, use of this transcutaneous CO2 gel produced changes in the dermis similar to those observed with subcutaneous injection of CO2.

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Carnon Dioxide Therapy in the Treatment of Localized Adiposities: Clinucal Study and Histopathological Correlation

Abstract. The authors report their experience using carbon dioxide (CO2) therapy for the treatment of 48 female patients presenting adipose accumulations, located on the thighs, knees, and/or abdomen; a Carbomed Programmable Automatic Car- bon Dioxide Therapy apparatus was used. In light of the effects of CO2 on the microcirculation recently described in the litera- ture, we expected this gas, which we administered subcutane- ously, to positively affect the physiological oxidative lipolytic process. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of this therapy on localized adiposities. As such, we describe the method we used and report the results observed in the areas treated (in terms of reduction in maximum circumference) as well as side effects. Furthermore, we assessed the effect of subcutaneous administration of CO, on the microcirculation by showing changes in the Laser Doppler signal and in the con- centration of transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcPO2). Pre- and posttreatment biopsies of tissues were performed in seven pa- tients in order to study the changes induced by the use of CO2 on both adipose and connective tissues. All data obtained were statistically analyzed; values of P < 0.05 were considered sig- nificant.

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Transcutaneous carbon dioxide induces mitochondrial apoptosis and suppresses metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma in vivo

Abstract Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the main histological type of oral cancer. Its growth rate and incidence of metastasis to regional lymph nodes is influenced by various factors, including hypoxic conditions. We have previously reported that transcutaneous CO2 induces mitochondrial apoptosis and decreases lung metastasis by reoxygenating sarcoma cells. However, previous studies have not determined the sequential mechanism by which transcutaneous CO2 suppresses growth of epithelial tumors, including SCCs. Moreover, there is no report that transcutaneous CO2 suppresses lymphogenous metastasis using human cell lines xenografts. In this study, we examined the effects of transcutaneous CO2 on cancer apoptosis and lymphogenous metastasis using human SCC xenografts. Our results showed that transcutaneous CO2 affects expressions of PGC-1α and TFAM and protein levels of cleavage products of caspase-3, caspase-9 and PARP, which relatives mitochondrial apoptosis. They also showed that transcutaneous CO2 significantly inhibits SCC tumor growth and affects expressions of HIF-1α, VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9, which play essential roles in tumor angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. In conclusion, transcutaneous CO2 suppressed tumor growth, increased mitochondrial apoptosis and decreased the number of lymph node metastasis in human SCC by decreasing intra-tumoral hypoxia and suppressing metastatic potential with no observable effect in vivo. Our findings indicate that transcutaneous CO2 could be a novel therapeutic tool for treating human SCC.

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Optimization of antitumor treatment conditions for transcutaneous CO2 application: An in vivo study

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) therapy can be applied to treat a variety of disorders. We previously found that transcutaneous application of CO2 with a hydrogel decreased the tumor volume of several types of tumors and induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. However, only one condition of treatment intensity has been tested. For widespread application in clinical antitumor therapy, the conditions must be optimized. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the duration, frequency, and treatment interval of transcutaneous CO2 application and antitumor effects in murine xenograft models. Murine xenograft models of three types of human tumors (breast cancer, osteosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma/undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma) were used to assess the antitumor effects of transcutaneous CO2 application of varying durations, frequencies, and treatment intervals. In all human tumor xenografts, apoptosis was significantly induced by CO2 treatment for ≥10 min, and a significant decrease in tumor volume was observed with CO2 treatments of >5 min. The effect on tumor volume was not dependent on the frequency of CO2 application, i.e., twice or five times per week. However, treatment using 3- and 4-day intervals was more effective at decreasing tumor volume than treatment using 2- and 5-day intervals. The optimal conditions of transcutaneous CO2 application to obtain the best antitumor effect in various tumors were as follows: greater than 10 min per application, twice per week, with 3- and 4-day intervals, and application to the site of the tumor. The results suggest that this novel transcutaneous CO2 application might be useful to treat primary tumors, while mitigating some side effects, and therefore could be safe for clinical trials.

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Reoxygenation using a novel CO2 therapy decreases the metastatic potential of osteosarcoma cells

Abstract Osteosarcoma is the most common primary solid malignant bone tumor. Despite substantial improvements in surgery and chemotherapy, metastasis remains a major cause of fatal outcomes, and the molecular mechanisms of metastasis are still poorly understood. Hypoxia, which is common in malignant tumors including osteosarcoma, increases expressions of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9, and can induce invasiveness. As we previously showed a novel transcutaneous CO2 application to decrease HIF-1α expression and induce apoptosis in malignant fibrous histiocytoma, we hypothesize that transcutaneous CO2 application could suppress metastatic potential of osteosarcoma by improving hypoxic conditions. Here, we examined the effects of transcutaneous CO2 application on apoptosis, and development of pulmonary metastasis using a highly metastatic osteosarcoma cell line, LM8. Transcutaneous CO2 application significantly decreased tumor growth and pulmonary metastasis in LM8 cells. Apoptotic activity increased, and intratumoral hypoxia was improved with decreased expressions of HIF-1α, MMP-2 and MMP-9, significantly, in the CO2-treated tumors. In conclusion, we found that transcutaneous CO2 application can induce tumor cell apoptosis and might suppress pulmonary metastasis by improvement of hypoxic conditions with decreased expressions of HIF-1α and MMPs in highly metastatic osteosarcoma cell. These findings strongly indicate that this novel transcutaneous CO2 therapy could be a therapeutic breakthrough for osteosarcoma patients.

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